NAD+ (500mg)

Description

NAD⁺ – Technical Biochemical Profile

(Oxidized pyridine nucleotide; redox cofactor; substrate for sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38-family enzymes)

NAD⁺ is an essential dinucleotide involved in electron transfer, cellular energy metabolism, and post-translational signaling. It cycles between NAD⁺ (oxidized) and NADH (reduced), regulating oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and mitochondrial ATP production.

✅ Primary Biochemical Roles

1. Redox Cofactor

NAD⁺ accepts electrons in oxidative reactions catalyzed by:

• GAPDH (glycolysis)

• MDH2, IDH3, α-KGDH (TCA cycle)

• ACADs (fatty acid β-oxidation)

• Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) of the electron transport chain

Result:
NADH donates electrons to the ETC → proton gradient → ATP synthesis via ATP synthase

✅ 2. Sirtuin Substrate (SIRT1–SIRT7)

Sirtuins are NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases regulating:

• Histone deacetylation

• Mitochondrial function

• Oxidative metabolism

Key downstream targets:

• PGC-1α → ↑ mitochondrial biogenesis via NRF1, NRF2, TFAM

• FOXO1/3 → antioxidant gene induction (SOD2, CAT, GPX1)

• p53 and NF-κB p65 → stress-response signaling

✅ 3. PARP Enzyme Substrate

NAD⁺ provides ADP-ribose units for:

• PARP-1 and PARP-2

• DNA damage detection

• Base-excision repair (BER)

PARP activation recruits:

• XRCC1

• DNA polymerase β

• Ligase III

Excessive PARP activity decreases NAD⁺ pools, affecting cellular energy balance.

✅ 4. CD38 / CD157 Signaling

CD38 converts NAD⁺ to:

• cADPR

• NAADP

These regulate:

• Ca²⁺ release from ER and lysosomal stores

• Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ flux

• Ca²⁺-dependent metabolic enzymes

Key Intracellular Pathways

Representative Gene Targets

✅ Mechanistic Summary

• Central electron carrier in oxidative metabolism

• Required substrate for sirtuin deacetylases and PARP DNA-repair enzymes

• Supports mitochondrial gene expression, redox defense, and Ca²⁺ signaling

• Influences metabolic transcription programs via PGC-1α, FOXO, and antioxidant pathways

Research-Only Notice

NAD⁺ is classified as a redox cofactor and metabolic research reagent.
Not approved for human or animal use, therapy, or any biological application outside controlled in-vitro research.