This material is suppliedΒ exclusively as a laboratory research chemicalΒ forΒ in vitro scientific study. All descriptions and documentation are providedΒ for informational and educational purposes only.
This compound isΒ not approvedΒ for human or animal consumption, injection, ingestion, inhalation, topical use, or any other biological application. It must be handled only by qualified, trained personnel in a properly equipped laboratory.
This product isΒ notΒ a drug, supplement, food, cosmetic, or therapeutic agent, and it may not be rebranded, repackaged, or marketed as any such item.Β Misuse, mislabeling, or unauthorized application is strictly prohibited.
Nothing on this website constitutes medical advice, professional guidance, or a recommendation of use.
(Mitochondria-Targeting Tetrapeptide; Cardiolipin-Binding Antioxidant Modulator β Research Use Only)
SS-31 (D-Arg-2β6β-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NHβ) is a cationic, aromatic tetrapeptide designed to selectively target the inner mitochondrial membrane.
In vitro models show that SS-31 binds cardiolipin, stabilizing electron transport chain (ETC) supercomplexes and reducing oxidative leakage from Complex I and III, leading to modulation of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial biogenesis pathways.
| Target | Mechanistic Role |
|---|---|
| Cardiolipin (CL) | Structural phospholipid of inner mitochondrial membrane; anchors ETC complexes |
| ETC Supercomplexes (IβIIIβIV) | Electron transfer, proton pumping, ATP production |
| Cytochrome c | Electron shuttle; prevents peroxidase conversion under oxidative stress |
SS-31 binds electrostatically and via aromatic stacking to cardiolipin, preventing cytochrome c peroxidase activity and reducing mitochondrial ROS formation.
CL binding β improved Complex I + III electron coupling
β electron leak β β superoxide (OβΛβ») formation
Maintains mitochondrial membrane potential (ΞΞ¨m)
Prevents oxidative cardiolipin peroxidation
Keeps cytochrome c in electron-carrier state
Limits caspase-linked apoptotic signaling
β ATP synthase activity (via stabilized proton gradient)
Improved coupling efficiency within ETC supercomplexes
| Component | Relevance to SS-31 Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) | Primary site of ROS generation; reduced leak under SS-31 |
| Complex III (cytochrome bc1) | Secondary ROS leakage site |
| Cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) | Maintained activity β electron flow efficiency |
| ATP Synthase (Complex V) | Improved ATP output per proton gradient |
| SOD2 (Mn-SOD) | Detoxifies mitochondrial superoxide |
| GPX1 / PRDX3 | Hydrogen peroxide detox systems |
| ΞΞ¨m | Maintained membrane potential supports oxidative phosphorylation |
Nrf2/ARE antioxidant gene activation
PGC-1Ξ± / NRF1 / TFAM mitochondrial biogenesis axis
AMPK metabolic-stress signaling
Reduced activation of JNK and NF-ΞΊB inflammatory signaling
| Functional Category | Representative Genes |
|---|---|
| Mitochondrial Biogenesis | PGC1A, NRF1, TFAM |
| Oxidative Defense | SOD2, GPX1, PRDX3, CAT, GSR |
| ETC Assembly | NDUFS1 (Complex I), UQCRC1 (Complex III), COX4I1 (Complex IV) |
| Lipid Remodeling | CLS1 (cardiolipin synthase), TAZ (tafazzin) |
| Apoptosis | BAXβ, BCL2β, reduced CYCS release |
Research markers often show:
β lipid peroxidation
β cytochrome c peroxidase conversion
β mitochondrial respiration efficiency
Synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide
Cardiolipin binding stabilizes ETC supercomplexes
β ROS generation at Complex I & III
Maintains cytochrome c as electron carrier
Supports Nrf2, PGC-1Ξ±, and mitochondrial biogenesis gene programs
Limits apoptotic signaling via preserved ΞΞ¨m and reduced oxidative stress
SS-31 is supplied exclusively for in-vitro laboratory research.
Not approved for human or animal use, injection, ingestion, or biological application.
| Weight | N/A |
|---|---|
| Size | 10 Mg, 50 Mg |
