Description

NAD⁺ (Bio-Fermented) – Advanced Biochemical Mechanism Profile

(Oxidized Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide; Redox Cofactor; Sirtuin/Substrate for PARP Enzymes)

NAD⁺ is a central pyridine nucleotide cofactor that participates in oxidation–reduction reactions and functions as a required substrate for sirtuin deacetylases, PARP family enzymes, CD38/CD157 ectoenzymes, and several dehydrogenases involved in cellular metabolism.

✅ 1. Core Biochemical Function

Redox Cofactor (Electron Carrier)

NAD⁺ ⇌ NADH cycling drives electron transfer in:

• Complex I of the electron transport chain

• Glycolysis (GAPDH)

• TCA cycle (IDH3, MDH2, α-KGDH)

• β-oxidation (ACAD family enzymes)

This supports ATP generation through:
NADH → ETC → proton gradient → ATP synthase → oxidative phosphorylation

✅ 2. Primary Enzyme Targets

A. Sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7) – NAD⁺‐Dependent Deacetylases

NAD⁺ is consumed as a substrate during sirtuin-mediated protein deacetylation:

• Alters histones and transcription factors

• Regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic genes

Key downstream targets:

• PGC-1α, FOXO1/3, p53, NF-κB (RelA/p65)

• Enhanced mitochondrial oxidative capacity via PPARGC1A → NRF1/TFAM transcription

B. PARP Enzymes (Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerases)

NAD⁺ donates ADP-ribose for DNA repair signaling:

• PARP-1 / PARP-2 activation at DNA strand breaks

• Recruitment of XRCC1, POLβ, and LIG3

• Supports base-excision repair (BER)

Excessive PARP activity consumes NAD⁺ → influences cellular energy balance.

C. CD38 / CD157 (Ecto-enzymes)

Convert NAD⁺ → cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP

• Regulate Ca²⁺ signaling in intracellular stores

• Influence mitochondrial Ca²⁺ dynamics and metabolic flux

✅ 3. Major Pathway Effects

1) NAD⁺ → SIRT1 → PGC-1α → Mitochondrial Biogenesis

• ↑ PGC-1α deacetylation

• Upregulates NRF1, NRF2, TFAM

• Promotes mitochondrial DNA replication and oxidative capacity

2) NAD⁺ → SIRT3 → Mitochondrial Enzyme Deacetylation

• SOD2 (MnSOD) activation → ROS reduction

• IDH2, LCAD, ACADL → enhanced fatty acid oxidation

3) NAD⁺ → PARP-1 → DNA Repair

• ADP-ribosylation of chromatin and repair factors

• Maintenance of genomic stability

4) NAD⁺ → CD38/CD157 → cADPR signaling

• Modulates ryanodine receptors and Ca²⁺ release

✅ 4. Second Messengers & Metabolic Outputs

✅ 5. Gene Targets Commonly Measured in Research

✅ Summary of Mechanistic Features

• Central redox cofactor in oxidative phosphorylation

• Essential substrate for sirtuins, PARP enzymes, and CD38

• Regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, DNA repair, Ca²⁺ signaling

• Modulates transcription of metabolic and antioxidant genes

Research-Only Use Classification

Bio-fermented NAD⁺ is supplied solely for laboratory in-vitro research.
Not approved for human or animal administration, therapeutic use, or any biological application outside controlled research settings.