Description

HMG – Advanced Biochemical Mechanism Profile

(Human Menopausal Gonadotropin; FSH/LH Glycoprotein Hormone Blend)

HMG is a purified gonadotropin complex containing biologically active Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Both components are heterodimeric glycoproteins that activate distinct but related G-protein–coupled receptors:

• FSH → FSHR (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor)

• LH → LHCGR (LH/Choriogonadotropin Receptor)

Both receptors are Gs-coupled GPCRs, driving adenylate cyclase → ↑ cAMP → PKA → CREB-regulated transcription.

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✅ 1. FSH Signaling

Receptor Target

FSHR (Class A GPCR) — expressed in ovarian granulosa and testicular Sertoli cell models

Primary intracellular cascade

1. FSH → FSHR

2. Gs activation

3. Adenylate cyclase → ↑ cAMP

4. PKA phosphorylation

5. CREB nuclear translocation

6. Transcription of steroidogenic and gametogenic genes

Common downstream biochemical outputs

• ↑ Aromatase activity (CYP19A1)

• ↑ cAMP-responsive genes in Sertoli and granulosa cell lines

Gene targets frequently measured

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✅ 2. LH Signaling

Receptor Target

LHCGR (Gs-coupled GPCR) — expressed in Leydig and theca cell models

Primary cascade

1. LH → LHCGR

2. Gs → Adenylate cyclase

3. ↑ cAMP

4. ↑ PKA activity

5. Phosphorylation of StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein)

6. Cholesterol import to mitochondria → steroid formation

Steroidogenic enzymes upregulated

• CYP11A1 (cholesterol → pregnenolone)

• HSD3B1

• CYP17A1

• CYP19A1 (aromatase)

Gene-level markers

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✅ 3. Shared Signaling Mechanisms (FSH + LH)

• cAMP accumulation

• PKA activation

• CREB phosphorylation

• Increased transcription at cAMP-response element (CRE) promoters

• Upregulation of steroid biosynthesis pathways

• Modulation of mitochondrial cholesterol transport

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✅ 4. Secondary Pathways

Although cAMP/PKA is dominant, research models show additional signaling:

PI3K → Akt

• Promotes cell survival and mitochondrial stability

• Regulates anti-apoptotic gene transcription (BCL2, BAX ratio)

ERK1/2 MAPK

• Ras → Raf → MEK1/2 → ERK1/2

• Drives growth and differentiation of gonadal cells

Ca²⁺-dependent signaling

• PKA-modulated Ca²⁺ channel function supports vesicular secretion

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✅ 5. Key Enzymes & Proteins in HMG Signaling

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✅ 6. Frequently Monitored Gene Panels in Studies

• StAR, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1 (steroidogenesis)

• FSHR, LHCGR (receptor expression feedback)

• AMH, INHBA/INHBB (granulosa cell markers)

• GDNF, SOX9 (Sertoli cell signaling)

• BCL2/MCL1 (anti-apoptotic response)

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Research-Only Use Classification

HMG is supplied exclusively for controlled in-vitro laboratory research.
It is not approved for human or animal administration, ingestion, injection, or therapeutic/diagnostic use.