Description
HMG – Advanced Biochemical Mechanism Profile
(Human Menopausal Gonadotropin; FSH/LH Glycoprotein Hormone Blend)
HMG is a purified gonadotropin complex containing biologically active Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Both components are heterodimeric glycoproteins that activate distinct but related G-protein–coupled receptors:
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FSH → FSHR (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor)
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LH → LHCGR (LH/Choriogonadotropin Receptor)
Both receptors are Gs-coupled GPCRs, driving adenylate cyclase → ↑ cAMP → PKA → CREB-regulated transcription.
✅ 1. FSH Signaling
Receptor Target
FSHR (Class A GPCR) — expressed in ovarian granulosa and testicular Sertoli cell models
Primary intracellular cascade
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FSH → FSHR
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Gs activation
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Adenylate cyclase → ↑ cAMP
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PKA phosphorylation
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CREB nuclear translocation
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Transcription of steroidogenic and gametogenic genes
Common downstream biochemical outputs
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↑ Aromatase activity (CYP19A1)
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↑ cAMP-responsive genes in Sertoli and granulosa cell lines
Gene targets frequently measured
| Functional Area | Genes |
|---|---|
| Steroidogenesis | CYP19A1, CYP11A1, StAR |
| Gametogenesis | FSHR, AMH, INHBA/INHBB |
| Sertoli cell support | GDNF, SOX9 |
✅ 2. LH Signaling
Receptor Target
LHCGR (Gs-coupled GPCR) — expressed in Leydig and theca cell models
Primary cascade
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LH → LHCGR
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Gs → Adenylate cyclase
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↑ cAMP
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↑ PKA activity
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Phosphorylation of StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory protein)
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Cholesterol import to mitochondria → steroid formation
Steroidogenic enzymes upregulated
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CYP11A1 (cholesterol → pregnenolone)
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HSD3B1
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CYP17A1
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CYP19A1 (aromatase)
Gene-level markers
| Category | Genes |
|---|---|
| Steroid hormones | StAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, CYP17A1, CYP19A1 |
| Receptor regulation | LHCGR |
| Anti-apoptotic pathways | BCL2, MCL1 |
✅ 3. Shared Signaling Mechanisms (FSH + LH)
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cAMP accumulation
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PKA activation
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CREB phosphorylation
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Increased transcription at cAMP-response element (CRE) promoters
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Upregulation of steroid biosynthesis pathways
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Modulation of mitochondrial cholesterol transport
✅ 4. Secondary Pathways
Although cAMP/PKA is dominant, research models show additional signaling:
PI3K → Akt
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Promotes cell survival and mitochondrial stability
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Regulates anti-apoptotic gene transcription (BCL2, BAX ratio)
ERK1/2 MAPK
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Ras → Raf → MEK1/2 → ERK1/2
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Drives growth and differentiation of gonadal cells
Ca²⁺-dependent signaling
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PKA-modulated Ca²⁺ channel function supports vesicular secretion
✅ 5. Key Enzymes & Proteins in HMG Signaling
| Component | Function |
|---|---|
| Adenylate cyclase | cAMP synthesis |
| PKA | Phosphorylates steroidogenic proteins |
| CREB | Transcriptional regulation |
| StAR | Mitochondrial cholesterol transport |
| CYP11A1 / CYP17A1 / CYP19A1 | Steroid metabolism enzymes |
| HSD3B1 | Progesterone & androgen pathway |
✅ 6. Frequently Monitored Gene Panels in Studies
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StAR, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1 (steroidogenesis)
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FSHR, LHCGR (receptor expression feedback)
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AMH, INHBA/INHBB (granulosa cell markers)
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GDNF, SOX9 (Sertoli cell signaling)
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BCL2/MCL1 (anti-apoptotic response)
Research-Only Use Classification
HMG is supplied exclusively for controlled in-vitro laboratory research.
It is not approved for human or animal administration, ingestion, injection, or therapeutic/diagnostic use.